Golongan, Kode Cara Kerja dan Cara Kerja Insektisida

Dalam melakukan rotasi insektisida yang perlu diperhatikan adalah mengetahui cara kerja bahan aktif pestisida yang akan digunakan. Anjuran Insecticide Resistance Action Committee (IRAC) dan Fungicide Resistance Action Committe (FRAC) dalam melakukan rotasi insektisida yaitu berdasarkan cara kerja yang berbeda, karena beberapa bahan aktif yang berbeda memiliki cara kerja yang sama. IRAC dan FRAC memberi kode pada setiap cara kerja insektisida untuk mempermudah petani dalam melakukan pergiliran (rotasi) insektisida. Berikut ini tabel golongan insektisida, bahan aktif, kode cara kerja dan cara kerja pestisida :
Berdasarkan cara kerjanya (Mode of action), yaitu menurut sifat kimianya, insektisida dibagi menjadi empat 4 golongan besar antara lain sebagai berikut :

1. Insektisida Golongan Organoklorin

Merupakan insektisida sintetik yang paling tua yang sering disebut hidrokarbon klor. Secara umum diketahui bahwa keracunan pada serangga ditandai dengan terjadinya gangguan pada sistem saraf pusat yang mengakibatkan terjadinya hiperaktivitas, gemetar, kemudian kejang hingga akhirnya terjadi kerusakan pada saraf dan otot yang menimbulkan kematian. Organoklorin bersifat stabil di lapangan, sehingga residunya sangat sulit terurai.

2. Insektisida Golongan Organofosfat

Merupakan insektisida yang bekerja dengan menghambat enzim asetilkolinesterase, sehingga terjadi penumpukan asetilkolin yang berakibat pada terjadinya kekacauan pada sistem pengantar impuls saraf ke sel-sel otot. Keadaan ini menyebabkan impuls tidak dapat diteruskan, otot menjadi kejang, dan akhirnya terjadi kelumpuhan (paralisis) dan akhirnya serangga mati.

3. Insektisida Golongan Karbamat

Merupakan insektisida yang berspektrum luas. Cara kerja karbamat mematikan serangga sama dengan insektisida organofosfat yaitu melalui penghambatan aktivitas enzim asetilkolinesterase pada sistem saraf. Perbedaannya ialah pada karbamat penghambatan enzim bersifat bolak-balik reversible yaitu penghambatan enzim bisa dipulihkan lagi. Karbamat bersifat cepat terurai.

4. Insektisida Golongan Piretroid

Merupakan piretrum sintetis, yang mempunyai sifat stabil bila terkena sinar matahari dan relatif murah serta efektif untuk mengendalikan sebagain besar serangga hama. Piretroid mempunyai efek sebagai racun kontak yang kuat, serta mempengaruhi sistem saraf serangga pada peripheral (sekeliling) dan sentral (pusat). Peretroid awalnya menstimulasi sel saraf untuk berproduksi secara berlebih dan akhirnya menyebabkan paralisis dan kematian.

Tabel Cara Kerja Insektisida dan Akarisida

No	Golongan	Nama bahan aktif	Kode cara kerja	Cara kerja
1	Karbamat	Alankarb-Aldikarb-Bendiokarb-Benfurakarb-Butokarboksim-Butoksikarboksim-Karbaril-Karbofuran-Karbosulfan-Etiofenkarb-Fenobukarb-Formetanat-Furatiokarb-Isoprokarb-Metiokarb-Metomil-Metolkarb-Oksamil-Pirimikarb-Propoksur-Tiodikarb-Tiofanoks-Triazamat-Trimetakarb-XMC-Silikarb	1 A	Menghambat AChE (acetylcholinesterase)-menyebabkan hyperexcitation. AChE adalah enzim yang mengakhiri aksi rangsang neurotransmiter asetilkolin pada sinapsis saraf.
	Organofosfat	Asefat-Azametifos-Azinfos-etil-Azinfosmetil-Kadusafos-Koretoksifos-Klorfenvinfos-Klormefos-Klorpirifos-Klorpirifosmetil-Koumafos-Sianofos-Demeton S metil-Diazinon-Diklorfos/DDVP-Dikrotofos-Dimetoat-Dimetilvinfos-Disulfoton-EPN-Etion-Etoprofos-Famfur-Fenamifos-Fenitrotion-Fention-Fostiazat-Heptenofos-Imisiafos-Isofenfos-Isoprofil O- (metoksiaminotio-fosforil) salisilat-Isoksation-Malation-Mekarbam-Metamidofos-Metidation-Mevinfos-Monokrotofos-Naled-Ometoat-Oksidemeton metil-Paration-Paration metil-Fentoat-Forat-Fosalon-Fosmet-Fosfamidon-Foksim-Pirimifos metil-Profenofos-Propetamfos-Protiofos-Firaklofos-Firidafention-Kuinalfos-Sulfotep-Tebupirimfos-Temefos-Terbufos-Tetraklorvinfos-Tiometon-Triazofos-Triklorfon-Vamidotion	1 B
2	Siklodin organoklorin	Klordan-Endosulfan	2 A	Memblokir saluran klorida aktivasi GABA menyebabkan hyperexcitation dan kejang-kejang. GABA adalah neurotransmiter inhibisi utama pada serangga.
	Fenilfirazol	Etiprol-Fipronil	2 B
3	Piretroid dan Piretrin	Acrinatrin-(Alletrin-d-cis-trans Alletrin)-(d-trans Alletrin)-Bifentrin-Bioalletrin-Bioalletrin Siklopentenil isomer-Bioresmetrin-Sikloprotrin-Siflutrin-(beta-Siflutrin)-Sihalotrin-lambda Sihalotrin-(gamma-Sihalotrin)-Sipermetrin-(alfa-Sipermetrin)-(beta-Sipermetrin)-tetasipermetrin-(zeta-Sipermetrin)Sifenotrin-(1R)-trans- isomers-Deltametrin-Empentrin (EZ)- (1R)- isomers-Esfenvalerat-Etofenprox-Fenpropatrin-Fenvalerat-Flusitrinat-Flumetrin-(tau- Fluvalinat)-Halfenprox-Imiprotrin-Kadetrin-Permetrin-Fenotrin [(1R)-trans- isomer]-Pralletrin-Firetrins (piretrum)-Resmetrin-Silafluofen-Teflutrin-Tetrametrin-Tetrametrin [(1R)-isomers]-Tralometrin-Transflutrin	3 A	Menyebabkan saluran natrium selalu terbuka sehingga pada beberapa kasus menyebabkan reaksi berlebihan oleh saraf. Saluran natrium terlibat dalam penyebaran info potensial di sepanjang akson saraf.
	DDT dan Metoksiklor	DDT-Metokdiklor	3 B
4	Neonikotinoid	Asetamiprid-Klotianidin-Dinotefuran-Imidakloprid-Nitenpiram-Tiakloprid-Tiametoxam	4 A	Meniru tindakan agonis asetilkolin di nAChRs menyebabkan hyperexcitation. Asetilkolin adalah neurotransmitter utama dalam sistem saraf serangga pusat.
	Nikotin	Nikotin	4 B
5	Spinosin	Spinetoram-Spinosad	5	Allosterically mengaktifkan nAChRs menyebabkan hyperexcitation dari sistem saraf.
6	Avermektin dan Milbemisin	Abamektin-Emamektin benzoat-Lepimektin-Milbemektin	6	Allosterically mengaktifkan saluran utama klorida glutamat (GluCls) menyebabkan kelumpuhan. Glutamat adalah inhibitory neurotransmiter penting dalam serangga.
7	ZPT	Hidropren-Kinopren-Metopren	7 A	Diterapkan di pra-metamorfik instar. Senyawa ini mengganggu dan mencegah metamorfosis.
	Fenoksikarb	Fenoksikarb	7 B
	Piriproksipen	Piriproksipen	7 C
8	Akil halida	Metil bromida and other alkil halid	8 A	Menghambat pembentukan sel. hanya mekanismenya belum diketahui.
	Kloropikrin	Kloropicrin	8 B
	Sulfuril fluorid	Sulfuril fluroid	8 C
	Boraks	Borax	8 D
	Tartar emetrik	Tartar emetrik	8 E
9	Pimetrozin	Pimetrozin	9 B	Menyebabkan penghambatan makan selektif pada kutu putih dan kutu daun
	Flonikamid	Flonikamid	9 C
10	Klofentezin – Heksitiazok – Diflovidazin	Klofentezin – Heksytiazoks – Diflovidazin	10 A	Menghambat pertumbuhan tungau
	Etoksazol	Etoksazol	10 B
11	Bacillus thuringiensis atau Bacillus sphaericus	Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis-Bacillus sphaericus-Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai-Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki-Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. tenebrionis. Bt crop proteins: Cry1Ab; Cry1Ac; Cry1Fa; Cry2Ab; mCry3A; Cry3Ab; Cry3Bb; Cry34/35Ab1	-	Racun protein yang mengikat pada reseptor pada membran saluran pencernaan tengah dan mendorong pembentukan pori-pori mengakibatkan ketidakseimbangan ion dan septicaemia
12	Diafentiuron	Diafentiuron	12 A	Menghambat enzim yang mensintesis ATP pada mitokondria
	Organotin mitisid	Azosiklotin-Siheksatin-Fenbutatin oksid	12 B
	Propargit	Propargit	12 C
	Tetradifon	Tetradifon	12 D
13	Klorfenapir – DNOC – Sulfuramid	Klorfenapir-DNOC-Sulfuramid	13	Gangguan pada gradien proton; sirkuit gradien proton (disebut : protonofores) yang pendek pada mitokondria sehingga ATP tidak dapat disintesis.
14	Nereistoksin analog	Bensultap-Kartap hidroklorid-Tiosiklam-(Tiosultap-sodium)	14	Memblokir saluran ion nAChR sehingga blok sistem saraf dan kelumpuhan. Asetilkolin adalah excitatory neurotransmitter (penghubung) utama dalam sistem saraf serangga pusat.
15	Benzoilurea	Bistrifluron-Klorfluazuron-Diflubenzuron-Flusikloksuron-Flufenoksuron-Heksaflumuron-Lufenuron-Novaluron-Noviflumuron-Teflubenzuron-Triflumuron	15	Menghambat biosintesis kitin
16	Buprofezin	Buprofezin	16	Menghambat biosintesis kitin pada beberapa serangga khususnya kutuputih
17	Siromazin	Siromazin	17	Merontokkan kutikula saat proses pergantian kulit serangga
18	Diasilhidrazin	Kromafenozid-Halofenozid-Metoksifenozid-Tebufenozid	18	Meniru hormon ganti kulit (ekdison) menginduksi kutikula serangga dewasa agar rontok sebelum waktunya
19	Amitraz	Amitraz	19	Mengaktifkan reseptor oktopamin mengarah ke hyperexcitation (rekasi saraf berlebihan). Oktopamin adalah hormon pada serangga yang menyerupai adrenalin seperti neurohormon untuk pertahanan diri atau untuk terbang.
20	Hidrametilnon	Hidrametilnon	20 A	Menghambat transpor elektron pada mitokondria sehingga mencegah pemanfaatan energi oleh sel.
	Asequinosil	Asequinosil	20 B
	Fluacripirim	Fluacripirim	20 C
21	METI akarisida dan insektisida	Fenazakuin-Fenpiroksimat-Pirimidifen-Piridaben-Tebufenpirad-Tolfenpirad	21 A	Menghambat transpor elektron pada mitokondria sehingga mencegah pemanfaatan energi oleh sel.
	Rotenon	Rotenon (Derris)	21 B
22	Indoksakarb	Indoksakarb	22 A	Memblokir saluran natrium menyebabkan pemadaman sistem saraf dan kelumpuhan. Saluran natrium yang terlibat dalam penyebaran potensial aksi di sepanjang akson saraf.
	Metaflumizon	Metaflumizon	22 B
23	Asam Tetronik dan Asam Tetramik	Spirodiklofen-Spiromesifen-Spirotetramat	23	Menghambat kerja asetil koenzim A karboksilase untuk mensintesis lipid yang merupakan langkah pertama dalam biosintesis lipid sehingga menyebabkan kematian serangga.
24	Fosfin	Aluminium fosfid-Kalsium fosfid-Fosfine-Zinc fosfid	24 A	Menghambat transpor elektron pada mitokondria sehingga mencegah pemanfaatan energi oleh sel.
	Sianida	Sianida	24 B	-
25	Turunan Beta-Ketonitril	Sienopirafen-Siflumetofen	25	Menghambat transpor elektron pada mitokondria sehingga mencegah pemanfaatan energi oleh sel.
28	Diamida	Chlorantraniliprole-Cyantraniliprole-Flubendiamide	28	Aktifnya otot reseptor rianodin menyebabkan kontraksi dan kelumpuhan. Reseptor rianodin berperan melepaskan kalsium ke dalam sitoplasma dari sel intraseluler.

DNA Extraction from Mosquito (2)

1. Put each mosquito in 100microl of DNAZOl (Invitrogen) and grind them.
2. centrifuge 10min at 10,000g at 15°C
3. Transfer supernatant to new tube
4. add 50microliter of 100% EtOH Mix by inverting the tubes 5-8 times and hold 5 min at room temperature.
5. centrifuge 0min at 10,000g at 15°C and remove the supernatant.
6. Wash the DNA pellet with 1.0ml of 75% EtOH and invert tube 3-6 times to mix. Centrifuge 10min at 10,000g.
7. Repeat step 6.
8. Remove the remaining EtOH and dry pellet.
9. resuspend the dry pellet with 100microliter of free DNAse Water let it overnight at 4°C to maximize pellet rehydratation.
10. Storage at -80°C

DNA Extraction from Mosquito (1)

Lysis buffer Composition:
1M Tris-HCl pH 8.0……………...100ul
0.5M EDTA……………………….20ul
3M NaCl………………………….330ul
10% SDS…………………………500ul
Sterile water upto……...........……..10ml

Procedure:
• Take single mosquito in an eppendorf tube and add 50ul lysis buffer.
• Homogenize in Ice
• Add equal volume of Phenol
• Centrifuge at 8000rpm for 10 mins
• Take the supernatant
• Add equal volume of Chloroform-Isoamylalchohol(24:1) mixture
• Centrifuge at 8000 rpm for 10 mins and take the supernatant
• Add 1/10th volume of 3M sodium acetate
• Add 2.5 volume of chilled Ethanol
• Keep at -20°c overnight
• Centrifuge at 10,000rpm for 5 mins
• Decant the supernatant
• Wash with 70% alchohol
• Centrifuge at 10,000rpm for 5min
• Decant the supernatant
• Air dry the pellet
• Dissolve the pellet in 50ul of sterile water.

DNA Extraction from Mosquito (0)

1. Put 1 mosquito into an eppendorf tube with 100ul 50% w/v Chelex 100 in water.
   
2. Squish fly with pestle and place at 100C for 10 minutes.
   
3. Spin at top speed in a microfuge (>14,000xg) for 1 minute.
   
4. Transfer 10ul supernatant to new tube and add 1ul Proteinase K (0.8 units).
   
5. Incubate at 37C for 30min.
   
6. Incubate at 100C for 5 min.
   
7. Use 0.5ul as template in a 10ul PCR reaction.
   

Reagents (from Sigma):
Chelex 100 (C7901-25G) sodium form chelating resin (iminodiacetic acid)

Temephos

TRADE OR OTHER NAMES

Trade names for products containing the compound include Abat, Abate, Abathion, Biothion, Bithion, Difennthos, Ecopro, Nimitox, and Swebate. The compound may also be found in mixed formulations with other insecticides including trichlorfon.

INTRODUCTION

Temephos is an non-systemic organophosphorus insecticide used to control mosquito, midge and black fly larvae. It is used in lakes, ponds and wetlands. It also may be used to control fleas on dogs and cats and to control lice on humans. Temephos is a General Use Pesticide.

Mosquitoes - Family Culicidae

Who hasn't had an encounter with a mosquito? From the backwoods to our backyards, mosquitoes seem determined to make us miserable. Besides disliking their painful bites, mosquitoes concern us as vectors of diseases, from dengue virus to malaria.

Description:

It's easy to recognize a mosquito when it lands on your arm and bites you. Most people don't take a close look at this insect, tending instead to slap it the moment it bites. Members of the family Culicidae do exhibit common characteristics, if you can bear to spend a moment examining them.

Mosquitoes belong to the suborder Nematocera – true flies with long antennae. Mosquito antennae have 6 or more segments. The male's antennae are quite plumose, providing lots of surface area for detecting female mates. Female antennae are short-haired.
Mosquito wings have scales along the veins and the margins. The mouthparts – a long proboscis – allow the adult mosquito to drink nectar, and in the case of the female, blood.

Ecology: A world without mosquitoes

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Eradicating any organism would have serious consequences for ecosystems — wouldn't it? Not when it comes to mosquitoes, finds Janet Fang.

Every day, Jittawadee Murphy unlocks a hot, padlocked room at the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research in Silver Spring, Maryland, to a swarm of malaria-carrying mosquitoes (Anopheles stephensi). She gives millions of larvae a diet of ground-up fish food, and offers the gravid females blood to suck from the bellies of unconscious mice — they drain 24 of the rodents a month. Murphy has been studying mosquitoes for 20 years, working on ways to limit the spread of the parasites they carry. Still, she says, she would rather they were wiped off the Earth.

Bacterium offers way to control dengue fever

Wolbachia strain halts virus in mosquitoes.

A common bacterium that infects mosquitoes is showing promise as a way to control the spread of dengue fever.

Transmitted by the mosquito Aedes aegypti, dengue fever kills around 12,500 people a year. Unlike for malaria, bed nets are not effective in combating dengue as A. aegypti is active during the day. And concerns about rising resistance to insecticides has spurred the search for alternatives.

A team led by Scott O'Neill, Dean of Science at Monash University in Melbourne, Australia, believe they may have the answer. In work published in Nature^1,2 today, they reveal a strain of the bacterium Wolbachia pipientis that can stop the dengue virus from replicating in its mosquito host. They go on to show that this bacterium can rapidly spread through wild A. aegypti populations, suggesting it could be a viable control mechanism for dengue fever.

"The presence of Wolbachia in mosquitoes completely blocks the ability of the dengue virus to grow in mosquitoes," O'Neill says.

Female mosquitoes tricked by spermless males

Findings present potential strategy to control spread of malaria.

Tinkering with male mosquitoes so that they cannot produce sperm is a promising way to control the spread of the malaria-carrying insects in the wild.

Researchers had been concerned that female Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes might not be fooled into mating with the spermless males, but lab tests show that they are just as attracted to sterile males as to normal ones¹.

Releasing such males into the wild offers a way to control malaria that does not rely on insecticides, which many species are increasingly developing resistance to.

"Any strategy that targets sperm is safe," says Flaminia Catteruccia, a molecular entomologis at Imperial College London, UK, and lead author of the study¹.

Attacking Malaria with Spermless Mosquitoes

In the fight against malaria, researchers have devised a way to create spermless male mosquitoes able to convince females to reproduce with them, according to a study in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

NEWS: Malaria-Proof Mosquito Created

Although plasmodia are ultimately responsible for malaria and its deadly consequences, the disease spreads through mosquito bites. In the past, battling the disease with insecticides has led to an increasing number of insects becoming resistant, so scientists have looked for other ways to affect the mosquitoes life cycles -- one being interfering with reproduction.

N.C. Girl Dead From Suspected Mosquito-Related Virus

An 8-year-old North Carolina girl died this week from encephalitis, after she was bitten by a mosquito likely carrying LaCrosse virus. Her death and the hospitalization of her younger brother are the latest evidence that a wet spring and a hot, wet summer have boosted the insects' population and power to imperil public health.

Health officials on Friday awaited results of lab tests to confirm the underlying cause of the brain inflammation that proved fatal to the Henderson County, N.C., child. The youngster, whose name was being withheld, died Wednesday at Mission Hospital in Asheville, in the mountains of western North Carolina. The LaCrosse virus, which travels from the bloodstream into the brain, can cause headaches, fever, nausea, vomiting and weakness. It can only be spread to people through the bite of an infected mosquito. It cannot be spread from person to person.

Concerns Are Raised About Genetically Engineered Mosquitoes

Researchers on Sunday reported initial signs of success from the first release into the environment of mosquitoes engineered to pass a lethal gene to their offspring, killing them before they reach adulthood.

The results, and other work elsewhere, could herald an age in which genetically modified insects will be used to help control agricultural pests and insect-borne diseases like dengue fever and malaria.

But the research is arousing concern about possible unintended effects on public health and the environment, because once genetically modified insects are released, they cannot be recalled.