Zika and Dengue Immunity: A Complex Relationship | The Scientist Magazine®

Zika and Dengue Immunity: A Complex Relationship | The Scientist Magazine®: Researchers examine the blood of people infected with dengue virus, finding a few Zika-neutralizing antibodies among mostly enhancing ones.

Vaccines Protect Mice Against Zika Infection | The Scientist Magazine®

Vaccines Protect Mice Against Zika Infection | The Scientist Magazine®: Two different vaccines confer complete immunity for two months, researchers report.

Hazards of Ultraviolet Radiation in Labs

Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is electromagnetic energy with a wavelength just shorter than that of visible light. UV energy stimulates vitamin D production in our bodies and is a treatment for psoriasis, but can also cause skin cancer, sunburns and cataracts. This page will help to identify:

Sources of UV Radiation in Labs

Germicidal lamps emit radiation almost exclusively in the far-UV range of 254 nm. They are commonly used in biological safety cabinets and are not to be relied on as the only method of decontamination.

The UV light box is another UV source in use in laboratories. This instrument is a box with a glass top and a UV lamp inside. Some units have multiple lamps that allow a choice of wavelength.

Most of these instruments are stationary, but a few are hand-held types that carry the same hazards as the stationary models.  Nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) which has been stained with the chemical Ethidium Bromide, lights up when exposed to UV light.

The Journal of Chemical Health & Safety published an assessment of UV exposure from transilluminator light boxes that explains hazards, controls and some common mistakes.

A UV-Crosslinker is used to "cross-link" or covalently attach nucleic acid to a surface or membrane following Southern blotting, Northern blotting, dot blotting, and Colony/Plaque lifts. Since the DNA will be used in place, a 254 nm wavelength is used to maximize adherence.

Teknik Pembuatan Sediaan(preparat) untuk Pemeriksaan Sitologi Dan Pemeriksaan Histologi Di laboratorium Patologi Anatomi.

Patologi Anatomi Adalah spesialis medis yang melakukan diagnosis penyakit berdasarkan pemeriksaan makroskopik, mikroskopik, molekul atas organ, jaringan, dan sel. Yang melakukan diagnosis penyakit berdasarkan patologi anatomi adalah Spesialis patologi anatomi

Spesialis patologi anatomi mendiagnosis penyakit seseorang berdasar pemeriksaan laboratorium. Ada beberapa teknik pemeriksaan di laboratorium patologi anatomi diantaranya pemeriksaan Histologi (morfologi jaringan) atau Sitologi (Morfologi sel). Pada pemeriksaan lab analis kesehatan(teknisi laboratorium) bertugas membuat sediaan/preparat jaringan atau sel yang didapat dari si pasien. Sediaan harus dibuat sebaik mungkin agar spesialis dapat melakukan diagnosis yang akurat.

Perbedaan SOP dan Instruksi Kerja

SOP atau Standar Operasional Prosedur adalah pedoman atau acuan untuk melaksanakan tugas pekerjaan sesuai dengan fungsi dan alat penilaian kinerja atau dengan kata lain SOP adalah suatu panduan yang menjelaskan secara terperinci bagaimana suatu proses harus dilaksanakan. SOP biasanya tidak saja bersifat internal tetapi juga eksternal.

 

Tujuan dari SOP adalah menciptakan komitment mengenai apa yang dikerjakan oleh satuan unit kerja di satu organisasi.

 

Working Instruction/WI atau Instruksi Kerja adalah: tata cara dalam melakukan satu jenis aktifitas, misalnya dalam melakukan wawancara detail yang dikerjakan adalah ….

 

Perbedaan antara SOP dan WI adalah dari kompleksitas aktifitasnya, kalau SOP menggambarkan pengendalian banyak aktifitas dari suatu proses, misalnya SOP Produksi, sedangkan WI hanya merupakan petunjuk atau tata cara dalam melakukan satu jenis aktifitas, misalnya WI untuk pengemasan Produk ABC, WI dalam proses interview yang merupakan turunan dari SOP Recruitment & Selection.

Perbedaan Prosedur Mutu, Prosedur Kerja dan Instruksi Kerja

Prosedur Sistem Mutu, Prosedur Kerja dan Instruksi Kerja dari definisi etimologi:

1. Prosedur Sistem Mutu (ISO 9001 : 2000)
(Dalam sistem penjaminan mutu PTS/PTN lain istilahnya: Manual Prosedur)

"Prosedur Sistem Mutu adalah prosedur terdokumentasi yang merinci dan menjelaskan langkah-langkah dan mekanisme pelaksanaan semua proses aktifitas dalam sistem manajemen mutu yang melibatkan berbagai fungsi, yang akan menjamin aktifitas tersebut terkendali dan merupakan penjabaran dari manual mutu"

2. Prosedur Kerja (ISO 9001 : 2000):

"Prosedur Kerja adalah pedoman kerja berisi mekanisme dan urutan/proses kerja dari suatu kegiatan/aktifitas pada satu unit dalam rangka menunjang penerapan sistem manjemen mutu"

- urutan kerja

- yang mengerjakan/penanggung jawab

- kapan / berapa lama mengerjakan

3. Instruksi Kerja (ISO 9001 : 2000)

Instruksi Kerja adalah dokumen mekanisme kerja yang mengatur secara  rinci dan jelas urutan suatu aktifitas yang hanya melibatkan satu fungsi saja sebagai pendukung Prosedur Mutu atau Prosedur Kerja

Produce and Collecting Ascitic Fluid from Mice

Ascitic fluid (also called ascites) is an intraperitoneal fluid extracted from mice that have developed a peritoneal tumor. For antibody production, the tumor is induced by injecting hybridoma cells into the peritoneum, which serves as a growth chamber for the cells. The hybridoma cells grow to high densities and continue to secrete the antibody of interest, thus creating a high-titered solution of antibodies for collection. Antibody concentrations will typically be between 1 and 10mg/ml.

1. Prime adult female mice (at least 6 weeks old) of the same genetic background as your hybridomas by injecting 0.5mL of pristane (2,6,10,14-tetramethyldecanoic acid) into the peritoneum. These solutions will act as irritants to the mice, which respond by secreting nutrients and recruiting monocytes and lymphoid cells into the area. This creates a good environment for the growth of the hybridoma cells.
2. After 7-14 days, inject 5x10(5) to 5x10(6) hybridoma cells ip. Prior to injection, the cells should be growing rapidly. Centrifuge the cells and wash once in PBS. Inject the cells in no more than 0.5mL of PBS.
3. Ascitic fluid may begin to build up within 1-2 weeks following the injection of the cells. Tap the fluid when the mouse is noticeably large, but before the mouse has difficulty moving. Carefully withdraw as much fluid as possible with 18-gauge needle attached to a 5mL syringe.
4. Return the mouse to its cage. Many mice will produce a second or third batch of ascitic fluid. You can also bleed out the mouse and combine the blood with the ascitic fluid.
5. Incubate the fluid at 37°C  for 1 hour. Transfer to 4°C overnight.
6. Spin the fluid at 3000g for 10min. If there is an oil layer, remove this first and discard. Carefully remove the supernatant from the cell pellet. Spin again if necessary.

A single mouse may yield as much as 10mL of ascitic fluid per batch. Antibody concentrations may be as high as 10mg/mL.